$$
\gdef\Res #1{\underset{#1}{\mathrm{Res}}}
\gdef\hi{\hat {\pi }}
\gdef\ti{\tilde {\pi }}
$$
$$\begin {aligned}
\int _{0}^{\infty }\frac {\lfloor x\rfloor}{1+e^{2\pi x}}dx
&=\frac {1}{24}-\frac {3\ln 2}{16\pi }
\end {aligned}$$
$$\begin {aligned}
\int _{0}^{\infty }\frac {\lfloor x\rfloor}{1+e^{2\pi x}}dx
&=\sum _{n=1}^\infty \int _{n}^{n+1}\frac {n}{1+e^{2\pi x}}dx\\
&=\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {n}{2\pi }\left [-\ln (1+e^{-2\pi x})\right ] _n^{n+1}\\
&=\frac {1}{2\pi }\sum _{n=1}^\infty n\ln \frac {1+e^{-2\pi n}}{1+e^{-2\pi (n+1)}}
\end {aligned}$$
ここで、\(a_n=\ln(1+e^{-2\pi n})\)とおくと
$$\begin {aligned}
\sum _{n=1}^\infty n\ln \frac {1+e^{-2\pi n}}{1+e^{-2\pi (n+1)}}
&=\sum _{n=1}^\infty n\left (a_n-a_{n+1}\right )\\
&=1(a_1-a_2)+2(a_2-a_3)+3(a_3-a_4)+\cdots \\
&=a_1+a_2+a_3+\cdots \quad \left (\because \lim _{n\to \infty }na_{n+1}=0\right )\\
&=\sum _{n=1}^\infty \ln (1+e^{-2\pi n})\\
&=\ln \prod _{n=1}^\infty \left (1+e^{-2\pi n}\right )\\
&=\ln \prod _{n=1}^\infty \left (1+q^{2n}\right )\quad \left (k=\frac {1}{\sqrt 2},q=e^{-\pi K'/K}\right )\\
&=\frac {1}6\ln \left (\frac {1}4e^{\frac {\pi }2}\left (\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}\right )\left (\frac {1}{\sqrt 2}\right )^{-1/2}\right )\\
&=\frac {\pi }{12}-\frac {3\ln 2}8
\end {aligned}$$
従って
$$\begin {aligned}
\int _{0}^{\infty }\frac {\lfloor x\rfloor}{1+e^{2\pi x}}dx&=\frac {1}{2\pi }\left (\frac {\pi }{12}-\frac {3\ln 2}8\right )\\
&=\textcolor {blue}{\frac {1}{24}-\frac {3\ln 2}{16\pi }}.
\end {aligned}$$
補題
\(q=e^{-\pi K'/K}\)のとき
$$\begin {aligned}
\prod _{n=1}^\infty (1+q^{2n})^6&=\frac {1}4q^{-1/2}kk'^{-1/2}
\end {aligned}$$
まずで示されている通り、
$$k=\frac{\vartheta _2^2(q)}{\vartheta _3^2(q)},k'=\frac{\vartheta _4^2(q)}{\vartheta _3^2(q)}$$
である。また、で示されている通り
$$\vartheta _3(q)\vartheta _4(q)=\vartheta _4(q^2)$$
であるから、により
$$\begin {aligned}
\frac {\vartheta _2(q^2)\vartheta _3(q^2)}{\vartheta _2^2(q)}
&=\frac {q^{1/2}\displaystyle \sum_{n ,m\in \mathbb Z}q^{2(n^2+n+m^2)}}{q^{1/2}\displaystyle \left (\sum_{n \in \mathbb Z}q^{n^2+n}\right )^2}\\
&=\prod _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (1-q^{4n}\right )\left (1+q^{4n}\right )\left (1+q^{4n-4}\right )\cdot \left (1-q^{4n}\right )\left (1+q^{4n-2}\right )^2}{\left (1-q^{2n}\right )^2\left (1+q^{2n}\right )^2\left (1+q^{2n-2}\right )^2}\\
&=\frac {1}2\prod _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (1-q^{4n}\right )^2\cdot \left (1+q^{4n}\right )^2\left (1+q^{4n-2}\right )^2}{\left (1-q^{2n}\right )^2\left (1+q^{2n}\right )^2\cdot \left (1+q^{2n}\right )^2}\\
&=\frac {1}2\prod _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (1+q^{2n}\right )^2}{\left (1+q^{2n}\right )^2}\\
&=\frac {1}2
\end {aligned}$$
となるので
$$\begin {aligned}
\prod _{n=1}^\infty (1+q^{2n})^6&=\left (\prod _{n=1}^\infty \frac {1-q^{4n}}{1-q^{2n}}\right )^6\\
&=q^{-1/2}\frac {\eta^6(2\tau )}{\eta^6(\tau )}\quad \left (q=e^{\pi i\tau }\right )\\
&=q^{-1/2}\frac {\vartheta _2^2(q^2)\vartheta _3^2(q^2)\vartheta _4^2(q^2)}{\vartheta _2^2(q)\vartheta _3^2(q)\vartheta _4^2(q)}\\
&=q^{-1/2}\frac {\vartheta _2^2(q)}{\vartheta _3^2(q)}\frac {\vartheta _3(q)}{\vartheta _4(q)}\frac {\vartheta _2^2(q^2)\vartheta _3^2(q^2)\vartheta _4^2(q^2)}{\vartheta _2^4(q)\vartheta _3(q)\vartheta _4(q)}\\
&=q^{-1/2}kk'^{-1/2}\frac {\vartheta _2^2(q^2)\vartheta _3^2(q^2)}{\vartheta _2^4(q)}\\
&=\frac {1}4q^{-1/2}kk'^{-1/2}.
\end {aligned}$$